Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to assist in the development of support learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in AI research study, making released research study more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with an easy interface for connecting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new advancements of Gym have been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
Gym Retro

Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement knowing (RL) research on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing agents to solve single jobs. Gym Retro provides the ability to generalize between games with comparable concepts however different looks.

RoboSumo

Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic representatives at first do not have understanding of how to even stroll, but are offered the goals of learning to move and to press the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing procedure, the representatives learn how to adapt to altering conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had actually found out how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between representatives could produce an intelligence "arms race" that could increase a representative's capability to work even outside the context of the competitors. [148]
OpenAI 5

OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that find out to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the very first public presentation took place at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship tournament for the video game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had actually learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of real time, and that the learning software was a step in the instructions of developing software application that can handle complicated jobs like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a form of reinforcement knowing, as the bots find out gradually by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are for actions such as eliminating an opponent and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156]
By June 2018, the ability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete group of 5, and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against professional players, however ended up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games. [165]
OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player shows the obstacles of AI systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated using deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 matches. [166]
Dactyl

Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical items. [167] It discovers entirely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the item orientation issue by using domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the student to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, also has RGB cams to allow the robotic to control an arbitrary object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might solve a Rubik's Cube. The robot had the ability to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of producing gradually more tough environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to define randomization varieties. [169]
API

In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new AI models established by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task". [170] [171]
Text generation

The company has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")

The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative design of language might obtain world understanding and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.

GPT-2

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language model and the successor to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just minimal demonstrative variations at first released to the public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not right away released due to concern about possible misuse, including applications for writing fake news. [174] Some professionals expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 presented a substantial risk.

In reaction to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to discover "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the total variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive demonstrations of different circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180]
GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language models to be general-purpose students, illustrated by GPT-2 attaining modern accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).

The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
GPT-3

First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion specifications, [184] 2 orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186]
OpenAI stated that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184]
GPT-3 significantly enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs might be approaching or coming across the essential capability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately launched to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to permit gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary private beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189]
On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191]
Codex

Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the AI powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a dozen shows languages, the majority of successfully in Python. [192]
Several issues with problems, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196]
GitHub Copilot has actually been implicated of producing copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
OpenAI announced that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
GPT-4

On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise read, analyze or produce up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programming languages. [200]
Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based model, with the caution that GPT-4 retained some of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is also efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal various technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the exact size of the design. [203]
GPT-4o

On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art outcomes in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting brand-new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be particularly helpful for business, startups and designers looking for to automate services with AI representatives. [208]
o1

On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have actually been created to take more time to consider their responses, resulting in greater accuracy. These designs are particularly reliable in science, coding, and thinking jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
o3

On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and faster variation of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public usage. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications services supplier O2. [215]
Deep research study

Deep research study is a representative established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform extensive web browsing, data analysis, archmageriseswiki.com and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools allowed, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120]
Image category

CLIP

Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to analyze the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can especially be utilized for image category. [217]
Text-to-image

DALL-E

Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that develops images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to translate natural language inputs (such as "a green leather bag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and produce corresponding images. It can create images of sensible items ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") along with items that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.

DALL-E 2

In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the model with more sensible outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new basic system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
DALL-E 3

In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to create images from complicated descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222]
Text-to-video

Sora

Sora is a text-to-video design that can create videos based upon short detailed prompts [223] in addition to extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can produce videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.

Sora's development group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "limitless imaginative potential". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos certified for that function, however did not reveal the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223]
OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could produce videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the techniques used to train the design, and the model's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, consisting of struggles simulating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "excellent", however noted that they need to have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's normal output. [225]
Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have actually shown substantial interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the technology's ability to create realistic video from text descriptions, mentioning its prospective to revolutionize storytelling and material production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually chosen to pause plans for broadening his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227]
Speech-to-text

Whisper

Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment model. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language recognition. [229]
Music generation

MuseNet

Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a song produced by MuseNet tends to start fairly but then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233]
Jukebox

Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the tunes "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a considerable space" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's technically impressive, even if the outcomes sound like mushy variations of tunes that may feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are memorable and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236]
User user interfaces

Debate Game

In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches devices to discuss toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a method may assist in auditing AI decisions and in establishing explainable AI. [237] [238]
Microscope

Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of eight neural network models which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to examine the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The designs included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241]
ChatGPT

Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an expert system tool built on top of GPT-3 that offers a conversational interface that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.